Table of Content

25 July 2021, Volume 30 Issue 7

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Theory Analysis and Methodology Study

The Omnichannel Competitive Optimization Strategy under Duopoly

LI Jian-bin, WANG Peng-cheng, LUO Xiao-meng

2021, 30(7):  1-8.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0206

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We consider the omni-channel strategy involving buying online and picking up in store (BOPS). By applying duopoly Nash model under stochastic and deterministic demand we obtain optimal inventory strategies in different channels such as offline-online, BOPS-online, etc. Further, we discuss the effect of price differences among different channels on the optimal offline inventory. The results show that, as a new retail mode, the BOPS channel significantly reduces stockout risks facing customers by providing the inventory information of offline stores, which can induce more customers to go to offline stores and also generate more cross-profit.Meanwhile, the retailer’s BOPS strategy will significantly affect the customer’s choice of channel selection.

Optimization of Replenishment Supply Chain Scheduling of Smart Vending Machines under High-speed Railway Scenarios

LIU Chang, YAO Jian-ming

2021, 30(7):  9-15.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0207

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As a new type of retail business, smart vending machines (SVM) have been used in many static scenes. Replenishment is limited by time and space, which makes it difficult to apply SVM in dynamic scene(such as high-speed rail scenario), whichposes new challenges to the supply chain scheduling optimization. Based on the above findings, our paper discusses the demand characteristics of the high-speed railway scenario, combines the characteristics of special scenarios with supply chain scheduling, and establishes a new commodity evaluation system and replenishment mechanism adapted to the characteristics of the scenario. And this paper puts forwards an optimization model with the special requirements of the scene as the optimization objective. And the feasibility, effectiveness and practicability of the decision method and algorithm are verified by numerical examples.

Integrated Order Picking and Delivery Scheduling under “Warehouse and Store Integration” Mode

CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yu-lin

2021, 30(7):  16-22.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0208

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Aimed at new-retail platforms which provide a commit-to-delivery in short time service under the warehouse and store integration mode, this paper studies the integrated order picking and delivery scheduling problem with multi-pickers and due time. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model is established to minimize the maximum order fulfillment time and total cost of delivery. The model is solved by two-stage heuristic algorithm named H-2 proposed in this paper. The numerical experimental results indicate that the near optimal solution could be generated and algorithm H-2 performs better than traditional scheduling algorithm (TS) in terms of efficiency improvement, resource conservation and customer satisfaction improvement, which provides decision-making references for new-retail enterprises managers.

Cooperative Game Solution Research Based on Selectope and Maximum Satisfaction of Players

CUI Chun-sheng, JIA Ming-ze, GE Jing-yun, LI Tian-peng, Meng Peng-yang

2021, 30(7):  23-28.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0209

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Aiming at the problem that the Selectope contains too many imputation vectors which make it difficult for decision makers to focus on the final choice, this paper is focused on the imputation of cooperative games. Firstly, this paper sets the Selectope as the feasible region, which is obtained with the idea of assigning the Harsanyi dividends to players. Secondly, under the condition of completely rational player, this paper constructs an expression to describe the maximum player satisfaction with the idea of excess and the original intention of players being fully considered, and uses it as the objective function. Then a non-linear programming model based on the Selectope and the idea of the maximum player satisfaction is created to get the imputation mapping. At last, a numerical example is given to verify the feasibility of this idea and the rationality of the results. The conclusion shows that the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the volume of the Selectope, providing a concise choice space to decision makers. This research expands the application of the Selectope solution set to an extent, and the expression for the maximum player satisfaction constructed in this paper would achieve a reference value for future research.

A Study of Two-person Zero-sum Games withContinuous Interval Strategies

LOU Zhen-kai, HOU Fu-jun, LOU Xu-ming, SUN Zhong-yuan

2021, 30(7):  29-34.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0210

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This paper considers two-person zero-sum games with continuous strategies and investigates the existence of the equilibrium strategy. First, we examine the two-person zero-sum game with complete information on both sides, demonstrate the existence of the equilibrium strategy and present a method to find it. Further, we study the two-person zero-sum game with incomplete information, namely, the exact payoff function is unknown for both players. Under the assumption that each player thinks of the other as a risk-averse decision maker, we analyze the existence of the equilibrium strategy with regard to the incomplete information game, and develop an approach to find an equilibrium point when it exists. Finally, a numerical illustration is given to verify the feasibility of the proposed methods.

Research on Classified Security Inspection Mode Considering Cost, Waiting Time and Security Level

CHEN Xiao-hong, XU Min-jie, CHEN Wu-hua

2021, 30(7):  35-43.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0211

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Over the years, the passenger throughput of civil airports has been increasing rapidly. Meanwhile, also increasing are the working pressure of airport security departments and waiting time of passengers. One of the possible solutions to the problem is introducing classified security inspection mode.However, classified security inspection mode usually requires additional investment costs, which may generate a large financial burden. Therefore, this paper studies the comparison between classified and traditional security inspection mode, considering the cost as the target, the requirements of waiting time of passengers and security level comprehensively. We also solve the issues about the optimal decision-making nature and other related issues. Firstly, considering the constraints of security level and waiting time of passengers, the models of two security inspection modes are established respectively, and the properties of the optimal operation decision are analyzed. Secondly, from the perspective of cost, it is compared between the two security inspection modes. The results show that when the number of passengers is large, the tolerance for security mistakes is high or the passengers are sensitive to waiting, and the classified security inspection mode performs better than the traditional one. On the contrary, the traditional security inspection mode is much better. In addition, in the classified security inspection mode, the optimal proportion of passengers assigned to high-risk security inspection channels is usually between 20% and 30%. Finally, the optimal service configuration of classified security inspection mode is verified by numerical analysis.

Green Building Multi-Objective Optimization and Multi-arbitrate Decision Model in Its Early Design Stage

HU Wen-fa, HE Xin-hua

2021, 30(7):  44-49.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0212

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After reviewing the influences of the shape parameters, envelope parameters, and functional layouts of abuilding, the Analytic Hierarchy Process is utilized to qualify its descriptive function objective, and a green building multi-objective optimization model (GBMOO) is developed, whose objectives include building energy consumption, cost and function. Considering the discretization of the variables in the model, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed to avoid local optimum, improved by the neighborhood topology structure. A Pareto solution set is obtained by it. Mahalanobis distance and combination weights are introduced in the multi-attribute decision-making method to sort the optimal solutions. A case study reveals this model is suitable and shows that the green design can be implemented by this optimization model, keeping lower energy consumption and lower cost while ensuring a certain function.

Research on Public Willingness and Local Government Behavior Preference in Major Project Decision Making

SUN Lei, SUN Shao-rong

2021, 30(7):  50-57.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0213

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Public participation affects the government decision-making on public affairs. In the game between the local government and public, the improvement of convergence speed can reduce the game cost and improve the social efficiency. Based on large engineering a dynamic game process of local government and the public is set. With the Markov decision process applied , we find game convergence conditions and deduceoptimal stopping condition when local governments take compromise strategy. We obtainthe relationship between tolerance degrees, compromise probability of local government and game convergence speed. The results show that the expected economic returns of major projects are positively related to the local government's tolerance of local instability. The local government’s tolerance of local instability is inversely related to the convergence rate of the decision-making game of large-scale projects, and the influence of public support on local tolerance varies according to probability distribution.

Research on Multi-resolution Modeling of Emergency Material Supply Based on Agent-DEVS

CAO Qi, HOU Wen-hua

2021, 30(7):  58-65.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0214

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Multi-resolution (MR) modeling is a practical problem for complex adaptive system modeling and distributed simulation that need to be solved urgently. On the basis of analyzing the organization structure and evolution way of multi-resolution models, Agent-DEVS is extended by adding multi-resolution modeling level and relevant tuples. MR-Agent-DEVS is presented as a multi-resolution specification. And it is introduced into the modeling and simulation of emergency material supply. Coupling model and simulation flow are designed. And member models and typical messages are proposed. The experimental results show that MR-Agent-DEVS model can simulate the behaviors of emergency material supply and it has more timeliness, greater flexibility, and better consistency than Aggregation and Disaggregation method and Selected Viewpoint method, which is more favorable for reducing the system load. Though the complexity of MR-Agent-DEVS model is increased to an extent because of multi-resolution control, execution efficiencies of MR-Agent-DEVS and Agent-DEVS models are extremely similar, which verifies the practicability of MR-Agent-DEVS model.

Due-date Assignment and Single Machine Scheduling with Aging Effect and Rejection

LIU Chun-lai, WANG Jian-jun

2021, 30(7):  66-70.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0215

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This paper considers a single-machine scheduling and due date assignment problem. During the processing horizon, the processing time of a job depends on its position in a processing sequence and its aging effect and jobs also can be rejected by incurring penalties. The objective is to divide the jobs into a set of accepted and a set of rejected jobs, determine the sequence of accepted jobs and the location of maintenance activity so as to minimize the sum of the accepted jobs costs of earliness, tardiness, due date and the total penalty of the rejected jobs. We first provide a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the problem by translating it into assignment problem. We then prove a unified problem can be solved in polynomial time. Finally, we provide polynomial-time dynamic programming algorithms for the special case of the problem.

Evolutionary Game Dynamics of Moran Process with Fuzzy Payoffs

WANG Xian-jia, GU Cuil-ing, ZHAO Jin-hua, QUAN Ji

2021, 30(7):  71-76.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0216

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Previous studies on evolutionary game dynamics have assumed that individuals’ rewards from the game are expressed in exact numbers. However, because of the influence of the various factors from the environment, the payoff obtained by individuals’ interaction is not an exact number. The payoff can be represented by fuzzy numbers. We study 2×2 symmetric games in which the game matrix is represented by fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy fixation probability of the strategy based on fuzzy game matrix is calculated by using the operation relation of fuzzy numbers. In the form of triangular fuzzy number and trapezoid fuzzy number, numerical analysis is carried out. Numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the new method. We obtain the conditions that natural selection is favorable for a strategy to take fixation and a strategy to be a FESS. It is more realistic to promote the classical game to the fuzzy environment and also enrich the theory of evolutionary game.

Least Square Prenucleolus of Fuzzy Coalition Cooperative Games Based on Excesses of Players

NAN Jiang-xia, WEI Li-xiao, LI Deng-feng, ZHANG Mao-jun

2021, 30(7):  77-82.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0217

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In this paper, the least square prenucleolus based on excesses of players as a new solution concept is proposed in infinite fuzzy coalition cooperative games. A quadratic programming model of the least square prenucleolus based on excesses of players is constructed, and some important properties on the solution of this model are given. It is also shown that the least square prenucleolus of any infinite fuzzy coalition cooperative game based on excesses of players is equal to the equalizer solution and the lexicographical solution of the infinite fuzzy coalition cooperative game based on excesses of players. Furthermore, it is proved that the least square prenucleolus of any classical cooperative game based on excesses of players is equal to the least square prenucleolus of an infinite fuzzy coalition cooperative game with Owen’s multilinear extension based on excesses of players. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the applicability and validity of the proposed model.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Government and Dissembling Enterprises Based on The System Dynamics

FU Xiao-yong, ZHU Qing-hua, TIAN Yi-hui

2021, 30(7):  83-88.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0218

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In order to investigate the supervision of governments in the implementation of ecological dissembling effects of dissembling enterprises, this paper establishes a mixed-strategy game model of used electronic products’ dissembling between governments and dissembling enterprises based on the system dynamics method, and the interaction mechanism between governments and dissembling enterprises is analyzed. The results of the evolutionary game and system simulation show that dissembling enterprises getting the profits of the implementation of ecological dissembling and non-ecological dissembling, and effectiveness of government supervising, non-ecological dissembling punished and so on directly affect system evolutionary results. The evolution stable strategy exists in the the governments and dissembling enterprises in the three kinds of circumstances. Under certain condition, the system evolution presents the cyclical characteristics. Finally from the point of view of government supervising, and considering dynamic penalty strategy in the payoff matrix, the results show that stable equilibrium exists in the dynamic strategy evolutionary game model.

Dynamic Optimization and Coordination of Low Carbon Supply Chain Based on Double Differential Game in Competitive Environment

LI Xiao-yan, LI Feng

2021, 30(7):  89-94.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0219

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In the context of energy conservation and emission reduction, the low carbon production of manufacturers and the publicity competition of retailers are considered. The carbon emission reduction and goodwill are taken as state variables, to study the dynamic optimization and coordination of supply chain by means of differential game. With regards to the double marginalization effect, the supply chain is coordinated by introducing cost sharing contract. The research shows that after the introduction of contract, the retailers’ low-carbon publicity efforts, low-carbon goodwill and demand increase, and the supply chain profits basically reach the level of centralized decision-making. With the growing level of competition, the market demand upgrades, the manufacturer’s profit increases, and the overall profit of the supply chain rises, which inspires the supply chain enterprises to create a benign competition environment and form a benign competition mechanism in the decision-making process.

The Evolutionary Game Model in the Construction of Local Government Power List Based on the Third Party Supervision

LIU Yan-hai, BAO Guo-xian

2021, 30(7):  95-101.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0220

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In order to promote the effective implementation of the local government power list system, in this paper, we construct a game model of the reformer and the vested interests based on the third party supervision by using evolutionary game theory and method, and discuss the strategy selection and stability of game players with a lack of third party supervision and full play of a role. The results show that the third party supervision helps to promote the implementation of the list of powers of the reformers. At the same time, the third party supervision has increased the cost of the vested interests to prevent the list of power, to make the choice “Not to stop” strategy. Therefore, we must further strengthen the supervision of the residents of the reformers and vested interests. Finally, the conclusions are verified by numerical simulation.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Multi Participant Behavior Strategy of Network Security Vulnerability Information Disclosure

XIONG Qiang, YANG Xin-qi, LI Zhi-wen

2021, 30(7):  102-109.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0221

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Nowadays, the global network threat is becoming more and more serious. As one of the essential reasons of network security incidents, network security vulnerabilities have been paid increasing attention. The disclosure of vulnerabilities has been set up into construction of the national network security emergency system. In this paper, we build a tripartite game model among network security vulnerability sharing platform, software manufacturers and hackers, analyze and simulate the model from the perspective of evolutionary game, and then establish the conditions for the existence of stable equilibrium point. The results of this study show that: there are significant differences between the initial values of different parameters on the results of the tripartite game, the worse the software quality is, the more inclined the platform is to the “closed disclosure” strategy; The payment of vulnerability discoverers has a positive impact on the tendency of software manufacturers to “register members”, and has a negative impact on the tendency of hackers to “strive to attack”; As an increasing disclosure costdisclosure cost, the platform tends to adopt the strategy of “closed disclosure”; The expected loss is too large, and software manufacturers tend to support the “register members” strategy.

Analysis of International Climate Game Considering Policy Expectations

WANG Ying

2021, 30(7):  110-118.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0222

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This paper firstly modifies the assumptions of the public externality model constructed by Baumol and Oates to build a mathematical model that is more realistic in international climate governance. Subsequently, by solving the mathematical model, this paper deduces the only policy rules that the International Environmental Agreement (IEA) must follow to achieve the optimal balance of global Pareto-optimality and its own financial balance. Finally, based on the above analysis, this paper further constructs an international climate game model that incorporates policy expectations. It reveals that if countries in the world only think about maximizing their own interests, the game equilibrium result will not achieve the global Pareto-optimality of global climate governance.

Dynamic Parking Allocation Model in a Multidestination Multiple Parking Lot System

WANG Yan, CHEN Qun

2021, 30(7):  119-127.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0223

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In a multidestination multiple parking lot system, multiple parking lots are available near a destination, and drivers going to different destinations can be served by the same parking lot. The allocation of the parking demand of each destination to each parking lot is called the parking allocation problem. This paper defines the parking allocation equilibrium principle: the drivers going to each destination always prefer the parking lot with the minimum cost (including parking fees, searching time in the parking lot and walking time, where the parking fee and parking space search time are positively related to the current saturation of the parking lot). The parking lot with the second lowest cost is selected only when the parking lot with the lowest cost is full. All unused parking lots have a higher cost than those used or that have been full. Considering the real-time dynamic characteristics of parking demand and the number of vacant spaces in each parking lot, a mathematical programming model equivalent to the equilibrium principle is proposed, the uniqueness of its solution is proved, and a solution algorithm is designed. The model is verified by two examples, and the changing rules of parking space occupancy in each parking lot near each destination are reproduced to provide a basis for dynamic parking charging and parking location planning.

Hybrid Memetic Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows

ZHANG Xiao-nan, FAN Hou-ming

2021, 30(7):  128-135.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0224

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To improve the solution quality and time-efficiency for solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows(VRPTW), a hybrid memetic genetic algorithm (HMA) is proposed. Firstly, a hybrid insertion method based on sorting time window is used to generate initial population, and an arbitrary selection operation is applied to maintain the intensification and diversification, which achieves the global-space with the intensification and diversification. Secondly, a simplified variable neighborhood search (SVNS) is developed to search the local-space, where a neighborhood size reduction scheme (NERS) and a constraint relaxation mechanism is applied. Finally, a post-learning process with arc is used, where the current population inherits the good genes from the current and global optimal solution. The experimental results on benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithm has better performance in solution quality.

Logistics Distribution Route Planning and Dis/Charging Management of Electric Vehicles Considering Customer Satisfaction Level

DENG You-jun, MU Yun-fei, JIA Hong-jie, ZHANG Yong-xi

2021, 30(7):  136-145.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0225

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Logistics distribution is an industry with the characteristics of service and profits at the same time in the society, of which goods delivery service time has a significant impact on the customers’ satisfaction level. Based on the above motivation, by considering the two stages: 1)distributing goods on the way, and 2)returning back to the depot after completing delivery, with the objective of minimizing logistics distribution costs and maximizing the customers’ satisfaction level, this paper then constructs an electric vehicle (EV) distribution route planning and dis/charging management multi-objective optimization model based on the battery swapping mode with the consideration of customers’ satisfaction level, in which the logistics distribution costs include battery swapping costs, vehicle loss costs, and slow charge/discharge costs. With the aid of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to solve the proposed mathematical model, a comprehensive numerical simulation is finally conducted on the A-n29 nodes VRP benchmark test systems inserted four battery swapping stations, and the results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model. Moreover, the impact of EV slow charging/discharging management on power distribution systems is investigated further and the sensitivity analysis of EVs’ departure time from the depot is also conducted in this paper to provide some valuable references for managers.

Application Research

Stackelberg Pricing Strategy in Dyadic Supply Chain Considering the Deposit and Loan of Bank Based on the Payment of Cash on Delivery

CAO Bing-bing, YOU Tian-hui, LIU Chun-yi, WU Xue-yan

2021, 30(7):  146-153.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0226

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In Stackelberg pricing decision for payment of cash on delivery in dyadic supply chain, it is a non-negligible factor that the supply chain firms deposit for the idle fund but apply for loan when finance is constrained, and how to construct Stackelberg pricing decision model is an important problem which needs to be paid attention to in dyadic supply chain considering the deposit and loan of bank based on the payment of cash on delivery. In this paper, first, the market demand function is given. Then, for the two common situations in which the manufacturer or the retailer is finance constrained, the pricing decision models for different supply chain power structures are constructed based on the payment of cash on delivery. Furthermore, the optimal policies can be determined for two power structures in two situations, and the impacts of model parameters on optimal policies are analyzed. Finally, the comparison analysis of optimal polices and the impacts of bank rates on the optimal policies and profits are conducted for different finance-constrained situations and supply chain power structures. The research results show that three bank rates can affect the optimal policies, and the impact of the difference of finance-constrained objectives is more obvious.

Evaluation of Civil-Military Integration Innovation Scheme Based on Cloud Model-Grey Relational Analysis under Cloud Platform

XU Jian-zhong, ZHAI Jia-qi

2021, 30(7):  154-159.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0227

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In order to objectively evaluate the military civilian integration innovation scheme under the cloud platform, considering the interaction between the evaluation indexes and the randomness of information, this paper analyzes the key factors influencing the military civilian integration innovation from four aspects of innovation environment, innovation management, innovation input and innovation output. The evaluation system of military civilian integration innovation scheme of cloud platform is constructed, and the cloud model method is used to express the evaluation information to realize the transformation between qualitative information and quantitative value. The entropy method and DEMATEL method are used to calculate the comprehensive weight of the above evaluation information, and the similarity between each scheme and the ideal scheme is determined according to the distance measure of cloud and the grey correlation analysis method. Finally, through the analysis of different schemes and the comparison of the results with the accurate numerical method, the correctness and effectiveness of this method are verified, which shows that this method can provide reference value for decision makers to choose innovative schemes and provide objective theoretical basis for the evaluation of civil military integration innovative schemes.

Research on a Particle Swarm Optimization Based Jingyou the Extensive Method and Evaluation Guiding Effect ——a Case Study of TOPSIS Model

HUANG Shi-tong, ZHAO Xi-nan, LIU Sen

2021, 30(7):  160-166.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0228

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Based on the linear model such as the linear weighted method and DEA method, the existing research on the Jingyou method doesn’t utilize the nonlinear model as its utility function and has limited the application scope and development space of the Jingyou theory. This paper presents an extensive Jingyou method which uses TOPSIS as its utility function and employs Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to solve the accompanying nonlinear advantageous character recognition problem. A human resource management case study, which focuses on the staff performance evaluation problem, is also presented as an example to demonstrate the validity and correctness of the proposed extensive Jingyou method. At the same time, combined with the result of calculation which has the “extreme value appeal” phenomenon, this paper puts forward the concept of “evaluation guiding effect” of evaluation method and its evaluation standards from the perspective of the “after-effect” guiding effect of the evaluation method, so as to provide reference for the selection of evaluation method.

Study on Health Evaluation and Key Influencing Factors of Technology Innovation Ecosystem in High-tech Industries: Based on the Improved Entropy Weight-DEMATEL-ISM Method

FAN De-cheng, GU Xiao-mei

2021, 30(7):  167-174.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0229

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The healthy development of technology innovation ecosystem in high-tech industries is critical to improving the national innovation ecosystem. Based on the description of the system health mechanism and the definition of system health concept, this study selects 24 influencing factors of system health, and uses the improved entropy weight method , the DEMATEL method and the ISM method to obtain the system health scores of 31 provinces in mainland China from 2011 to 2016 and analyze the key factors affecting health and the relationship between them. The results show that the score of system health is low in recent years, and there are regional differences among the eastern regions, the central regions and the western regions; the key influencing factors of system health include the proportion of enterprises with R&D institutions, international competitiveness, market demand, capacity for personnel adsorption, intellectual property protection, domestic competitiveness, foreign capital and the number of high-tech enterprises; the key cause factors include international competitiveness, market demand, capacity for personnel adsorption and intellectual property protection; the key result factors include the proportion of enterprises with R&D institutions, the number of institutions of higher learning, the authorization rate of invention patents and the sales rate of new products; the influence of the key cause factors on the middle-level factors and the key result factors should be given priority in the improvement of system health.

Commission Sale Mode Selection for Different Perishable Agri-products

CHEN Jun, CAO Qun-hui, QIU Zhi-hui

2021, 30(7):  175-182.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0230

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At present, agri-products sales generally adopt the distribution mode in our country. Although the commission sale mode is widely used in the wholesale industry, it is rarely used in the retail industry. In response to this problem, a hybrid mode is proposed based on the separate application shortcomings of paying service fee mode and buyout mode. Then assuming that the consignment period consists of the shelf life and the treatment period, we construct two sequential game models and solve the optimal consignment period and the shelf life. With the help of the sensitivity analysis of demand rate, deterioration rate and preservation cost, as well as the comprehensive comparison of profit per unit time, the commission mode selection of different perishable agri-products is emphatically analyzed. The results indicate that the hybrid commission mode is feasible and more suitable for low perishable agri-products, while the paying service fee mode is more suitable for high perishable agri-products.

Modeling of Cascade Propagation of Ecosystem Vulnerability under the Influence of Mine Dust

SU Jia, HUANG Guang-qiu, HE Tong, BAI Lu

2021, 30(7):  183-189.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0231

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To describe the cascading propagation problems of ecosystem vulnerability with continuous disturbance, we propose the vulnerability cascade propagation model (VCPM) based on functional geographic Petri net (FGPN). We comprehensively consider not only the directions of pollutant migration but also the geographical relationships between ecological subsystems. The pollution Petri net based on VCPM is constructed intuitively. On this basis, the concepts of vulnerability and ecological threshold are firstly defined. Then the relationship between them is used to analyze the probability with cascade propagation, so as to make clear the three states of cascading propagation. In this model, a study case of Shenfu coal field in Shaanxi Province of China is furthermore discussed. The obtained results are quite convincing in proving the novel contribution of this research to the field of vulnerability with cascading propagation analysis which might continue to be the reference for restoration and reconstruction of the environment.

A Comparative Study of Option Pricing Models: Based on Bilateral Gamma Distribution Model and B-S Model

LEI Ming, CHEN Shu-xin, YE Wu-yi

2021, 30(7):  190-194.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0232

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This paper first uses bilateral gamma distribution model to study the pricing of Shanghai 50ETF option and compares it with the classical B-S model. The empirical results show that the theoretical price of options is estimated by using bilateral gamma model. Whether it is in 95% confidence interval or 99% confidence interval, the two-sided gamma model is better than Option Pricing of B-S model. Therefore, bilateral gamma model can be used as an improvement of B-S model.

Study on the Financing Strategies of Supplier with Stochastic Output in a Competitive Environment

GUO Xiao-long, SU Zeng-hui

2021, 30(7):  195-202.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0233

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This paper considers a supply chain system consisting of one manufacturer and two competitive suppliers. One of the suppliers has capital constraint, so that its own capital is insufficient to complete production tasks. As a result, it is necessary for the capital-constrained supplier to get financing support to complete the production. With regard to the internal and the external financing methods, this paper separately constructs the revenue models of supply chain members, analyzes their optimal decisions under both methods, and compares the two financing modes through numerical experiments. The results show that when the level of production uncertainty is low, the profits of the supply chain members are higher, and the production enthusiasm of the capital-constrained supplier is higher under the internal financing method than those under the external financing method. The results also show that the inconsistent preferences for financing methods between manufacturer and supplier lead to decreasing profit for the manufacturer. While fortunately, it is possible for the manufacturer to induce the supplier to choose the preferred financing method through providing subsidies, which will increase its profit.

Research on Medical Incentive Contract Based on Principal-Agent Theory

SU Qiang, CHEN Miao

2021, 30(7):  203-209.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0234

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The high degree of information asymmetry between doctors and patients is an important cause of doctor-patient conflicts. The existing research is based on the principal-agent relationship model between doctors and patients under the condition of information asymmetry. Different medical incentive mechanisms are designed for the possible moral hazard problems, but the uncertainty and heterogeneity of medical services are not fully considered. Considering the different motives of doctors’efforts, this paper proposes the concept of two-dimensional effort level. Under the condition that doctors have information superiority, this paper studies the order of doctor-patient game in the process of medical service and designs different medical incentive contracts in different situations for the purpose of maximizing the benefits of both doctors and patients. The results of numerical analysis show that there are significant correlations among the doctor’s fixed medical income, the proportion of income and the level of two-dimensional effort and marginal balance coefficient of doctors’outputs, the degree of risk preference of both sides and the degree of disturbance of the random factors.

Information Disclosure Quality Influences Corporate Risk-taking: Governance Effect or Reputation Effect?

HU Wen-xiu, DU Jin-zhu, ZHANG Wei-guo

2021, 30(7):  210-217.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0235

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Based on information disclosure theory and corporate governance theory, this paper empirically tests the influence of information disclosure quality on corporate risk-taking. The empirical results show that higher information disclosure quality is helpful to improve the level of corporate risk-taking, thus verifying the “governance effect” of information disclosure. Further study finds that managerial shareholding incentive can affect information disclosure of listed companies and improve the level of corporate risk-taking, indicating that managerial shareholding can strengthen the positive relationship between information disclosure quality and corporate risk-taking, and this influential effect is more significant in the high managerial shareholding group. This conclusion not only enriches and expands the research on information disclosure and corporate risk-taking, but also has important enlightenment and practical significance to the design of incentive contracts for managers and corporate risk perception.

Pythagorean Fuzzy Hamacher Aggregation Operators and Their Application Research

DU Yu-qin

2021, 30(7):  218-222.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0236

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Since the Pythagorean fuzzy information aggregation operators are very rare,theresearch into Hamacher integration operator under Pythagorean fuzzy environment has certain theoretical value. Firstly, the Pythagoreanfuzzy operational laws are defined, which is based on the Hamacher t-norm and s-norm. Secondly, the Pythagorean fuzzy Hamacher weighted average (PFHWA) operator and the Pythagorean fuzzyHamacher weighted geometric (PFHWG) operator are proposed, and some properties of these operators such as monotonicity,idempotency and boundednessare discussed in detail,and some special cases of these operators are given. Moreover,two new approaches to Pythagorean fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making are presented based on the proposed operator. Finally,a practical example is given to illustratethe developedapproaches, and further demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposedapproaches.

Management Science

Research on the Adjustment Frequency of Civil Servants’ Compensation Based on ISM and M-F Model

LIU Hui, LI Ren-chuan

2021, 30(7):  223-231.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0237

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The growth mechanism of wage with the frequency of general survey as the core is a pending difficult problem in the reform of civil servant wage system in China. The key to solving the problem is the influencing factors and mechanism of the frequency of general survey. By using ISM, M-F and other methods, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of the influencing factors of the frequency of the general survey of civil servants’ wages in China, aiming to find the most suitable period of the general survey in the long-term steady state by studying the evolution law of the effect of various factors on the time effect. It is found that the influence index system of general wage adjustment based on the theory of time cycle includes 24 factors, among which 8 flow factors such as CPI constitute the short-term time effect layer, their own change cycle and influence time effect are short, easy to fluctuate, and the comprehensive influence time effect period is 1.55 years; 13 stock factors such as the average working time constitute the medium-term time effect layer, and the change of index has long-term accumulation and comprehensive influence time effect, which is 3.11 years; three dominant factors, such as wage difference structure, constitute a long-term time effect layer, reflecting the contradiction between wage supply and demand, with a comprehensive influence time limit of 4.53 years; under the comprehensive effect of 24 factors, the system reaches a long-term stable level in 2.34 years, which achieves the best balance for all influencing factors, and could be designed as a general adjustment period approximately in 2.50 years.

A Study of Connectedness and Spillovers in China’s Core Cities Real Estate Market: the Analysis of Pei.-Sha.-Gua.-She. Cities

WANG Xue, HAN Yong-Hui, ZHAO Xian, WEI Dong-ming

2021, 30(7):  232-239.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2021.0238

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This article separates the housing prices in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen by using the HP filter method. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) and the Information Spillover Index methods are implemented innovatively to analyze the contemporaneous linkage effect and the information spillover effect among the housing prices and Rolling Window Estimate method to analyze the spillover to the external information and regulation policies. The results show that there are close linkage effect and relatively high market information spillover effect among the housing prices of the first-tier cities. In terms of the contemporaneous linkage effect, the price trend of Shen Zhen shows the most obvious external linkage effect, the price trend of Beijing is most easily affected by other cities over the same period; Shanghai’s price fluctuation has strong external linkage effect on other cities, while Shenzhen’s price fluctuation is influenced more quickly and clearly by the other cities. In terms of the information spillover effect, Shenzhen’s price trend plays a leading role with the strongest spillover effects; Shanghai’s price has the most influence on other markets in medium and long terms. Spillover index among the house prices trend rises with the favorable policies and information, and declines with the restriction policies and unfavorable information. Spillover effect of house price volatility is more sensitive to external information, and the restrictions on real estate market policy increases the information spillover scale among price fluctuations of core cities.