Table of Content

25 June 2017, Volume 26 Issue 6

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Theory Analysis and Methodology Study

Marketing Channel Selection When Remanufacturing

ZOU Zong-bao, WANG Jian-jun, DENG Gui-shi

2017, 26(6):  1-9.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0129

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The emergence of remanufactured product raises new problems in the marketing channel selection. Based on the game theory, five typical marketing structures are analyzed and compared. The equilibrium quantities and prices of the new product and remanufactured one are obtained under the five marketing modes, as well as the equilibrium profits. The results show that the manufacturer can increase its benefit by introducing competition between retailers generally. However, when one retailer only sells new products and the other only sells remanufactured ones, separately, the manufacturer can’t increase its profit. In the bilateral monopoly model, the status of retailers will be promoted. Nevertheless, retailers will be hurt if the new products or remanufactured ones separately are retailed. Numerical results show that the competition between retailers mitigates the double marginal effect and increases the profit of the supply chain, consumer surplus and social welfare.

A Decision Method of Fair Distribution of Resources Based on Classification

ZENG Qian, ZHANG Jin

2017, 26(6):  10-15.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0130

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On account of resources allocation problems, a decision method based on classification is proposed to achieve the trade-off between efficiency and equity goals. Firstly, the efficiency optimal and completely equal allocation methods are studied to reveal the influence of marginal utilities on allocation results. It shows that the smaller the difference between the marginal utilities is, the closer the allocation results of those two methods. Then the 0-1 integer programming model is established to solve the clustering results with the objection of minimizing the gaps between class marginal utilities. And the resources are allocated by the efficiency optimal method among classes, while completely equal allocation method within each class. The amount of classes can result in different degrees of equity. Finally, a numerical example proves the validity and indicates how the amount of classes affects the efficiency and equity.

Novel Approach for Multi-criteria Group Decision Making Based onFuzzy Evidential Reasoning and Improved TOPSIS Method

LI Shao-nian, WU Liang-gang

2017, 26(6):  16-23.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0131

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To deal with vague and random criteria measurement of multi-criteria group decision making(MCGDM)among various discernment frameworks, the paper defines a similarity measurement of the assessment grades about criteria based on trapezoidal fuzzy numbers for the sake of the optimal solutions to experts’ decision weights. Fuzzy evidential reasoning(FER)is applied to aggregate experts’ confidential degree information of the assessment grades about criteria of the alternatives in the common discernment frameworks. The similarity measurement is facilitated with the capacity of discerning diverse assessment grades about criteria rigorously, which can improve the feasibility of confidential degree’s distance factors subjected to the assessment grades about criteria of the alternatives. Then, the closeness degree deduced from the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)is obtained. Experiment analysis of the marketing competitiveness evaluation of telecom products proposed by a certain communication enterprise shows the procedure of MCGDM based on FER and the improved TOPSIS method. The visual marketing competitiveness ranking results of the evaluated telecom products are acquired from experts’ vague confidential degree information of the assessment grades about criteria, which verify the applicability and effectiveness of the approach proposed in the paper to tackle such decision problems.

Intuitive Fuzzy Two-sided Matching Decision Considering Matching Aspiration

YUE Qi

2017, 26(6):  24-28.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0132

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This paper investigates the two-sided matching problem based on intuitive fuzzy sets information from the perspective of matching aspiration. Firstly, the concepts of intuitive fuzzy set and two-sided matching are given. Then, the intuitive fuzzy two-sided matching problem considering matching aspiration is described. In order to solve this problem, the intuitive fuzzy set matrixes are transformed into score matrixes. To maximize the score of each agent, a two-sided matching model under the constraint conditions of one-to-one two-sided matching is developed. Moreover, the matching aspiration matrix can be calculated based on score matrixes. The two-sided matching model is converted into a single-objective two-sided matching model according to the matching aspiration matrix. The “optimization” two-sided matching can be obtained by solving the model. Lastly, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed two-sided matching decision are illustrated with an example of person-post matching.

A Multi-objective Differential Evolution Algorithm Basedon the Population Self-adaptive Adjustment

ZHENG Jian-guo, CHEN Ke-ming, CAI Wan-gang

2017, 26(6):  29-34.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0133

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In order to improve the convergence and distribution in solving the large-dimensional multi-objective optimization problem(MOP)with differential evolution algorithm(DE), a multi-objective differential evolution algorithm based on the population self-adaptive adjustment(PSAMODE)is proposed. A population expansion strategy is designed for DE, which generates some new individuals to search optimal non dominated solutions in decision space; a population shrinking strategy is also designed, which depends on the degree of contribution of the non dominated solutions to elimination of poor individuals to reduce the computational load. Meanwhile, it sets aside some space to the new disturbance individuals with population diversity. The proposed method is introduced to elite learning strategies to prevent trapping into local convergence. Some typical multi-objective optimization functions are tested to verify this method. Simulation results show that compared with other algorithms, PSAMODE has obvious advantages, superior performance and ensure a good convergence. To obtain the Pareto optimal solution set, the proposed method has a more uniform distribution and wider coverage, especially suitable for high-dimensional complex solution of the multi-objective optimization problem.

Chemical Reaction Optimization Algorithm for SolvingRobotic Cell Scheduling Problem

ZHAO Xiao-fei, GUO Xiu-ping

2017, 26(6):  35-40.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0134

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A multiple part-type robotic cell scheduling problem is NP-hard. A chemical reaction optimization algorithm based on local search is proposed. In order to maintain the solution diversity, linear ranking selection based on iteration number is applied. Minimization of Blocking Time Close Part Swap is constructed for the sake of speeding up convergence. In addition, the main parameters of proposed algorithm are investigated based on Taguchi method of design-of-experiment, and a set of suitable parameters is suggested. Finally, the presented algorithm is compared to GA by solving randomly generated stances, and the results show that the algorithm is more effectively.

Routing the Road and Railway Intermodal Transportationof Hazmat Based on CVaR

CAO Huan, FAN Ti-jun, LIU Li-ping

2017, 26(6):  41-48.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0135

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Road and railway intermodal transportation has been playing an important role in multimodal transportation of hazmat. In order to reduce the transportation risk and ensure the transportation safety, routing the road and railway intermodal transportation of hazmat is utmost important. In this paper, the theory of conditional value at risk(CVaR)is taken, and a route selection model considering the decision maker’s risk-averse level is proposed based on the road and railway intermodal transportation network transformation. Furthermore, an algorithm used to solve the proposed model is developed and an illustrative example is given. The results show that the proposed model and algorithm can give the transportation route and transportation mode with minimum road and railway intermodal transportation risk of hazmat in the transportation network quickly according to the decision maker’s risk-averse level of the hazmat transportation risk. The decision maker’s risk-averse level has significant impact on the selection of transportation route and transportation mode in the process of road and railway intermodal transportation of hazmat.

Multi-stage Evolutionary Game Analysis of the SafetySupervision of Dairy Products

LI Gen, LI Xiang-yang, LIU Zhao-ge

2017, 26(6):  49-57.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0136

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The risk of dairy products’ safety lies in many company-involved stages including production and organization. Although the governmental supervision department exercises a unified supervision, the game scenes between it and dairy companies vary from stage to stage because of the difference of supervision strategies, and that will influence the achievements of risk control. In order to explore the effective ways of multi-stage supervision and seek approaches of reducing supervision risk, this paper analyzes multi-stage evolutionary game in the supervision of dairy products’ safety. Firstly, we elaborate relevant organizational relationship in the multi-stage supervision and construct an evolutionary game model. Secondly, we make an evolutionary game analysis based on the model, obtaining the evolutionary stable strategies under different supervision scenes separately, and identifying the stable conditions of multi-stage strategy selection. Finally, we conclude the results of the evolutionary game analysis and verify the results by simulation and case analysis.

The Signature Reliability Analysis of Safety Ensuring System Basedon Fail-dangerous and Fail-safe Modes

MA Rui-hong, JIA Xu-jie, LI Yu-jie

2017, 26(6):  58-61.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0137

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The safety ensuring system is a system whose failure will cause an enormous life and property loss, and seriously damage environment. Analyzing its function and calculating accurately its indexes can effectively reduce risks and improve the system safety. By using system signature to build mathematics models, this paper defines and solves fail-dangerous(FD)signature and fail-safe(FS)signature, aiming at exploring its function in two modes. Besides, it defines FD and FS probability coefficients, and calculates them when system fails. Finally, this paper gives some examples to show the process of these algorithms.

Ecological R&D Strategy and Coordination Mechanism in theGreen Supply Chain Based on Differential Games

ZHU Gui-ju, YOU Da-ming

2017, 26(6):  62-69.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0138

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Aimed at solving the problem of ecological R&D strategy and coordination mechanism in the green supply chain, this paper constructed a differential game model. The double impacts of product green degree and price on the market demand are comprehensively taken into consideration. Then, by using optimal control theory, it obtains and compares the optimal equilibrium strategies of ecological R&D and pricing in the green supply chain under the three different decision situations including wholesale price contract, revenue sharing contract and centralized decision. Furthermore, by using Rubinstein bargaining model, a profit distribution contract of the centralized decision is made to coordinate green supply chain members. The results show that the green supply chain couldn’t achieve coordination only with the aid of revenue sharing contract. Whereas, under certain conditions, revenue sharing contract could effectively mitigate “the double marginalization effect” which is usually associated with wholesale price contract. Besides, in centralized decision, reasonable profit-sharing contract, which is related with revenue sharing proportion, could enable the profits of supplier and manufacturer to realize “Pareto Optimality”, and coordinate the green supply chain.

Supply Chain Coordination with Revenue Sharing Contractsin a Gray Market Setting

HONG Ding-jun, MA Yong-kai, TANG Xiao-wo

2017, 26(6):  70-80.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0139

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For a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and two distributors of different countries, this paper analyzes the pricing strategies of decentralized system, half-decentralized system and centralized system. We discuss the effect of the valuation discount for gray market goods on manufacturer's pricing strategy under different conditions. We find that the profits of decentralized system and half-decentralized system are less than that of centralized system. Then, it designs the coordination mechanism by introducing the revenue sharing contract, and shows the interval value of revenue coefficients when all node enterprises achieve achieve Pareto-improvement. Finally, we conduct a numerical experiment to discuss the impact of the valuation discount for gray market goods on the profit of supply chain, the sales volume of gray market goods and the revenue-sharing coefficient.

Information Leakage in Supply Chain with Co-existence of WholesalePrice Contract and Revenue Sharing Contract

XIA Hai-yang

2017, 26(6):  81-88.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0140

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Information leakage is one of the barriers to information sharing among supply chain members. In this paper, we study information leakage issue within an upstream supplier and two competing downstream retailers-the incumbent and the entrant. Considering the long-term cooperative relationship between the supplier and the incumbent, we assume they are linked by a revenue sharing contract. Since the entrant just enters the market, the supplier offers him a wholesale price contract. By using signaling game framework, we analyze the pure strategy perfect Bayesian equilibrium in this setting, and provide the conditions for separating equilibrium, pooling equilibrium and non-leakage equilibrium. The study finds that the supplier has incentive to withhold the information from the incumbent if the revenue sharing rate and the wholesale price satisfy certain condition. Finally, we compare the incumbent, the entrant and the supplier’s equilibrium profits in separating and non-leakage equilibrium via numerical examples.

Multiple Reference Points, Fairness Preference and Design ofCoordination Mechanism in Three Layer Supply Chains

PU Xu-jin, JIN De-long

2017, 26(6):  89-94.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0141

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In this paper, we propose a manufacturer-distributor-retailer supply chain model and analyze the supply chain operations’ deviation caused by retailer’s fairness which depends on multiple reference points. And then a revenue sharing combined contract is designed as the coordination mechanism in the three layer supply chain. The results show that the mechanism, that is, the retailer’s fairness about the manufacturer’s profit or the distributor’s profit affects the wholesale price and the distributor price, is different. The retailer’s fairness leads to profit redistribution among supply chain members while the whole supply chain’s profit remains unchanged. A revenue sharing combined contract can be used to make each firm Pareto optimal when the retailer's fairness is affected by the multiple reference points. Finally a numerical simulation is proposed to prove the availability of the revenue sharing combined contract.

Single-machine Scheduling with Deteriorating Jobs, Aging Effect and Rejection

LIU Chun-lai, WANG Jian-jun

2017, 26(6):  95-101.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0142

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This paper studies a single-machine scheduling with deteriorating jobs and aging effect under rejection, that is, the actual processing time of a job is the function of its starting time and the position scheduled. At the same time, the producer can reject some jobs by paying the rejection penalty. During the whole processing, the optional maintenance activity is scheduled in order to improve the efficiency. After the maintenance activity, the machine will restore the initial condition; the aging effect will also restart. The objective is to determine which jobs are rejected, when to arrange the maintenance activity and the sequence of the accepted jobs so that the sum of the makespan of the accepted jobs and total rejection penalty of the rejected jobs is minimized. We firstly prove the problem is NP-hard in the strong sense,and then a fully polynomial time approximation scheme is presented.

Single Machine Scheduling with Deterioration Effectand Convex Resource Allocation

GUO Miao-miao, YAN Ping, WANG Jia, WANG Ji-bo

2017, 26(6):  102-106.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0143

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In this paper we consider the single machine scheduling problem with deterioration effect and convex resource allocation, in which the actual processing time of a job is the function of its normal processing time, its starting time(deterioration effect)and resource quantities. The objective is to find the optimal schedule and the resource allocation of jobs so as to minimize total resource quantities consumed when the makespan(total completion time, total waiting time, total absolute differences in completion times, total absolute differences in waiting times) is up bounded by a given parameter. In the single machine case, we prove that this problem can be solved in polynomial time. Also, we give an algorithm and a numerical example to show how to solve an example problem.

Research on Mean Field Limit Theory and Queuing Modelfor Large-Scale Bike-Sharing Systems

LI Quan-lin, FAN Rui-Na, XU Liang

2017, 26(6):  107-116.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0144

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With rapid growth of population and high urbanization of living space, an environmental pollution has been a main factor affecting the sustainable development of human society, in which the automobile exhaust pollution is a large problem. Based on this, bike-sharing systems have received a higher attention and gained rapid development in many major cities of many countries in the world over the past decade. However, few researches on the large bike-sharing systems have been done, and there is one main reason why such a bike-sharing system is always a very complex system including a complicated heavy traffic in each city, heterogeneous operation environments, different customer preference, revenue management of bike enterprises and so on. In this paper, we study a universal large-scale bike-sharing system, and propose an effective analytic method of stochastic model through combining the mean field limit theory and the queuing models. To this end, we develop some new stochastic analytic techniques, which are organized as follows: Establishing a time-inhomogeneous queuing system by means of the mean field theory, analyzing an empirical measure process through a nonlinear birth-death process, computing the fixed point in terms of a segment-structured birth-death process, and discussing the steady-state probability of the problem stations. Therefore, we provide a promising research direction in the study of stochastic models with respect to the large bike-sharing systems, and also hope this method can be applied to analyzing more general large bike-sharing systems.

Application Research

Research into Price Discovery of Chinese Treasury Bond FuturesBased on High Frequencies Data

WANG Su-sheng, YU Yong-rui, LIU Hui-min, KANG Yong-bo

2017, 26(6):  117-123.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0145

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Price discovery ability is a hot topic in recent years, and relevant research is concentrated in commodity futures and stock index futures, but there is a lack of research specifically into Treasury bond futures price discovery. This paper adopts 5 minutes high-frequency trade data of five-year Treasury bond futures and uses quantitative analysis methods of vector error correction(VECM)model and Granger causality test to test the relationship between Treasury bond futures prices and spot prices. Then, the paper uses five minutes high-frequency trading data, and innovatively adopts common factor contribution method and information share method to analyze the contribution of Treasury bond futures markets and spot markets. The results show that there exists a long-term co-integration relationship between Treasury bond futures prices and spot prices. Treasury bond futures prices are Granger cause of stock prices, while the spot prices of government bonds are not the Granger cause of Treasury bond futures prices, which means there is no two-way cause and effect relationship between Treasury bond futures prices and spot prices. Finally, through empirical results, the paper confirms that Treasury bond futures are in the dominant position in price discovery function.

Empirical Tests on Risk Premiums on Commodity Futures in China

ZHANG Mao-jun, WANG Wen-hua, QIN Xue-zhi

2017, 26(6):  124-131.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0146

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In this paper the existence of the risk premium, systematic risk premium and basis risk premium on three types of commodity futures including metals futures, agricultural futures, fuel and chemical products futures in China are tested by linear regression methods with these futures’ data from December 2003 to November 2013. It is found that there exist the risk premiums on the most of commodity futures, and the one on the same kind of commodity futures changes with its different expiring dates; the system risk premiums on the categories of metals and agriculture commodity futures are affected by the capital market in China; there are the basis risk premiums on the most of these commodity futures.

Research on Contract Adaptability with Controllable Lead Timeand Distribution Free Approach

FANG Xin, JIAN Ming, JIN Liu-qian

2017, 26(6):  132-139.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0147

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In order to explain the phenomenon that the equivalence between the buy-back contract and revenue sharing contract does not agree with its adaptability in real life, in this paper, the adaptability of the contracts is studied under demand distribution free and controllable lead time. First of all, a model from the perspective of integrate supply chain is proposed, and then the existences of the optimum decisions including the optimum production quantity and the optimum amount of lead time from the integrate supply chain are proved. Second, the adaptabilities of the buy-back contract and revenue sharing contract under the decentralized supply chain are investigated, respectively. The analysis demonstrates that the contracts can coordinate the supply chain with demand distribution free and controllable lead time, but they have different adaptabilities. The supplier prefers to choose buy-back contract when the marginal cost of production changed is bigger, while the retailer prefers to choose revenue sharing when it has a longer lead time compression. Finally, a numerical analysis is given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the model.

Research on Measurement of Robustness Risk and SelectionModel of R&D Project Portfolio

WANG Jing-mei, GUO Peng, ZHAO Jing

2017, 26(6):  140-148.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0148

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Facing the problems of R&D project portfolio selection of which most of literatures regard risk as the minimizing object function, leading to the optimal solution converting into a compromise solution, and considering few studies that have been made on the influence of interdependency relationship on the change of project risk and the project portfolio selection, the conception of project portfolio robustness risk is proposed based on robustness theory. The definition is described from three aspects, that is, project risk, interdependency relationship and control cost for project risk. Then project portfolio robustness risk is measured with the theory of cascading failure and a project portfolio optimization model is established to maximize the profit object and satisfy the project portfolio robustness risk and resource constraints.To solve this model and illustrate its effectiveness, the quantum genetic algorithm is employed and an example is given. The result shows that the risk minimization model excludes these projects that can increase profits and take risks after they are selected into the portfolio. However, the model developed in this paper can not only provide effective decision support for the decision maker but also decrease the failure possibility of projects with the unreasonable selection.

Nonlinear Deviation Maximization Method Based on ComprehensiveJudgment of Subject and Object Information

GUO Ya-jun, RUAN Tai-xue, GONG Cheng-ju

2017, 26(6):  149-154.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0149

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Aimed at the problem of comprehensive evaluation to pull the greatest degree of difference between evaluation objects, through analyzing the limitations existing in linear deviation maximization method, this paper proposes a nonlinear deviation maximization method based on comprehensive judgment of subject and object information,in order to further enrich and improve the theoretical knowledge of deviation maximization method. Firstly, we give a brief introduction to the linear deviation maximization method and analyze the limitation. Secondly,we develop the research hypotheses and give the nonlinear factor selection principle and the method to determine the index order,and give the method to select the adjacent index important degree ration after ordering. According to the principle of evaluation, we use the planning model to calculate every index’s weight,and also use the nonlinear aggregation model to calculate the final evaluation results. Finally, we give a numerical example to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Multi-Dimension Heterogeneous Recommended Trust Evaluation Model in Mobile Commerce

XU Jun

2017, 26(6):  155-162.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0150

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Aiming at the trust missing problem in mobile commerce and uncertain information in many practical situations, and recommender cannot easily express his/her judgment on the evaluation information, a multi-dimension heterogeneous recommended trust evaluation model is proposed. In this model, the conversion between heterogeneous evaluation information and intuitionistic fuzzy information is implemented for describing the subjective and fuzziness of the ratings. To overcome the double uncertainty from recommender’s subjective judgment of the weights of attributes, an entropy method is developed based on the original evaluation information. Considering the familiarity with the evaluation areas of recommender, the comprehensive trust intuitionistic fuzzy number(TIFN)of entity is obtained by using the confidence intuitionistic fuzzy aggregate operator. An example about trust evaluation problem of mobile commerce supplier is given to verify the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Evaluation E-commerce Service Level Based onVariable Weighted analysis Method

YU Gao-feng, LI Deng-feng, WANG Hong-yu

2017, 26(6):  163-166.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0151

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Aming at the evaluation of E-commerce service level, a new evaluation method is developed on the basis of the variable weighted analysis method. Firstly, the evaluation of E-commerce service level index system is established; Secondly, real numbers, intervals, triangular fuzzy numbers, linguistic variables and intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are used to represent the evaluation information, the relative closeness of positive ideal solution of various schemes are established,and the variable weighted analysis evaluation steps are given out; Finally, the example shows the method is effective and rationality.

Management Science

Integrated Discrete Berth Allocation and Quay Crane Scheduling Under Tidal Influence at Container Terminal

ZHENG Hong-xing, YIN Hao, CAO Hong-lei, SHI Yue

2017, 26(6):  167-175.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0152

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Since berth and quay crane are limited resources at container ports, berth scheduling and quay crane scheduling are significantly interrelated. When entering in and leaving out container terminal, the large(or mega)vessels should make use of tidal condition. By considering tidal influence, the problems of berth allocation, quay crane assignment and quay crane scheduling are integrated, in order to improve the port operation efficiency and customer satisfaction. Firstly, considering the tidal influence and the reality of the dynamic scheduling in quay crane operation, a mixed integer programming model is proposed to minimize the sum of the quay crane operation cost and the demurrage in the planning period. Then an embedded heuristic rule genetic algorithm is put forward. Finally, the results from numerical experiments show the given quay crane group for each ship at any time and the dynamic working time windows for each crane. In addition, the effectiveness of the integrated solution is verified by contrast with an individual optimization scheme.

Empirical Study on Social Media’s Effect on Brand Preference: From the Perspective of Customer Perceived Value

DING Yong, XIAO Jin-chuan, ZHU Jun-hong

2017, 26(6):  176-184.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0153

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In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of new shopping patterns in social media environment, and based on the theories of consumer demand and behavior influence, we remodel the dimensions of the customer perceived value. On the basis of the above, we propose a theoretical model about the effect of social media on brand preference, and investigate the relationship between customer perceived value under the new network shopping environment and brand preference by using hierarchical regression methods. The results indicate that customer perception of social value, quality value, service value, image value and altruistic value significantly influence the formation of brand preference, and the economic value, whereas there is no significant influence of economic value on brand preference. Information quality plays different mediating role in the relationship between perceived values and brand preference. At last, the corresponding marketing management advice is presented along with the directions for further research.

The Study on Setting the Price of Ship Clean-up Expenditure in Port Based on Shapley Value

WANG Jun, ZHENG Si-yun, WANG Mei-rong

2017, 26(6):  185-190.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0154

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In order to set the price of ship clean-up expenditure and take into account both the principles of equity and efficiency, this paper divides the risk rating according to the risk of ship pollution accident in port, and then apportions the allocation cost of port clean-up resources by simplified formula of Shapley value, to calculate the allocation cost shared by each ship per day. The results eliminate the effect of dynamic berthing on the cost apportionment and can be used as the theory basis for setting the price of the ship clean-up expenditure. The case indicates that the current standard is too high, and this result takes into account the principle of equity and efficiency, which meets the requirement of individual rationality, group rationality and coalition rationality.

Penalty Model for Delay of Construction Period Based on theSub-networks from the Perspective of Programs

WANG Yu-ting, ZHANG Ke, FENG Jing-chun, XUE Song, CUI Jing-hao

2017, 26(6):  191-199.  DOI: 10.12005/orms.2017.0155

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For the existing penalty model for delay of construction period of programs there has been less study on delay of construction period that results in partial and overall effect. This paper introduces sub-networks to constructing the programs based on the sub-networks. On the basis of the present situation of calculation of penalty for delay of the construction period with the critical path method, we study the effects of contractor-induced delay of construction period of between-sub-networks and internal-sub-network respectively, and then construct a penalty model for delay of the construction period based on sub-networks from the perspective of programs. Using the penalty model, we make a practical analysis of penalty for delay of the construction period of the program Z.